Ameliorative Role of Grape Seed Extract on Cadmium Induced Splenic Toxicity in Albino Rats

Cadmium (CdCl2) is one of the most prevalent environmental and biologically hazardous toxicants among metals. This study was carried out to evaluate the ameliorative role of Grape seed extract (GSE) on CdCl2 induced spleen toxicity in adult male albino rats. Forty adult male albino rats were equally divided into 4 groups. Group I (control); group II, administered GSE at dose 100 mg / kg bw/ day dissolved in distilled water; group III, administrated Cadmium chloride (CdCl2) at a dose of 4.4 mg /kg bw /day dissolved in distilled water; and group IV, co-administrated CdCl2 and GSE in the previous doses. Treatments were given by gavage for 3 months. Then rats were sacrificed and specimens were taken for biochemical, histological and immuonhistochemical studies. CdCl2 administration increased spleen level of MDA and decreased CAT, SOD GPx, GSH and plasma TAC. Also CdCl2 up regulated mRNA expression of IL1, IL6, TNF, NFκB and down regulated IL10, C0X-2. The treatment with GSE adjusted the alterations in all these parameters. Histological findings of the spleens from the CdCl2 group showed thickening in the wall of the blood vessels, congestion, hemolysis, intracellular edema, depletion in the splenic follicles, and lymphocytic infiltration in the red pulp under the splenic capsule in comparison to control group. Also, the immunohistochemical finding showed higher expression of Bax and lower Ki76 in the spleens from CdCl2 group in comparison to control group. However, appropriate improvement of histological and immunohistochemical features of the spleens from CdCl2 + GSE group could be detected. In conclusion, this study suggested that concomitant use of GSE with CdCl2 proved to be capable of ameliorating CdCl2induced splenic dysfunction.. Introduction Cadmium (CdCl2) is considered to be of major concern for public health by the World Health Organization as it is one of the most prevalent environmental and biologically hazardous toxicants among metals [1]. The increased industrial uses such as, electroplating, plastic production, pigments, battery-manufactures and pesticides that led to the entry of CdCl2 into the soil and subsequently into ground, drinking water and storage in crops [2]. The presence of CdCl2 over the permissible level has both acute and chronic health hazards. Chronic CdCl2 administration affects lymphatic and hematopoietic organs [3]. Recent investigations reported the effects of CdCl2 on spleen and its immunosuppressive effects [4, 5]. The mechanism of CdCl2-induced cytotoxicity is mainly via induction of oxidative stress [6, 7]. Multiple studies indicated that CdCl2 exposure induces oxidative stress at the cellular level by generation of (ROS) which lead to lipid peroxidation and malfunction of anti-oxidant system[8, 9]. Grape seed extract (GSE) is a good source of Gallic acid, which are potent antioxidant and antitumor agent[10, 11]. It contains numerous compounds called polyphenols that contain dimers, trimers, and other oligomers of catechin and epicatechin and their gallate derivatives that are called proanthocyanidins that protect against oxidative stress, protects the circulatory system, and has anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects [1215]. GSE’s antioxidative activities are found to be much stronger than those of vitamin C and vitamin E [16]. The aim of this study was to investigate CdCl2 induced splenic dysfunction and explore the ameliorative role of GSE. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-10, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 1656 Material and methods: Chemicals and Reagents: Cadmium chloride CdCl2 was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Grape seed extract (proanthocyanidins 95%) was obtained from GNC Holdings Inc. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade and obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA).